But if you do choose to go commando, make sure your leggings are up to the task. Research suggests that sleeping naked may potentially positively impact reproductive health, connection with a partner, and self-esteem. LESS SWEAT, MORE BREEZE A big reason for men going commando is reducing sweat and maximizing airflow. To make matters worse, if your fabric isnt thick enough (or if youre wearing too light a color), you could give everyone an eyeful. As mentioned earlier, environments down there that are above optimal temperatures, besides feeling hot, sticky and awful can be hazardous to mens health. Wearing a piece of fabric in between the cheeks while so close to the sensitive lady parts is not a good idea. But STDs are often asymptomatic in men, so without being tested by a doctor, they may never know if theres a problem. Nothing kills the mood faster than dropping the S-bomb, so counter with quick, Yeah, but there's the whole pregnancy thing to worry about, too. Then proceed to start opening the condom before he can argue with you. Home FAQ Quick Answer: How Many People Go Commando. In fact, you can even opt for pouch underwear that is designed with a designated area for the boys to be sufficiently supported for optimal comfort and support. If the habits makes you feel free and sexy, it may just boost your libido. When I initially decided to go commando, the motive was to banish the notorious panty line, but I never thought it would simplify my lifestyle as much as it did. However, you dont necessarily need to go without underwear altogether to enjoy more breathability. Some of those fecal bacteria can transfer onto the fabric, says Sarah Council, Ph.D., a microbiologist at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Genomics & Microbiology Research Lab. At last, weve come to the end of the challenge. Going panty-less is a big turn-on for most guys, she says. If youre anything like the old me, you totally justify buying cute, You can finally whisper in your lovers ear, Im not wearing any panties., An exciting benefit of going commando is simply feeling sexy and spicing things up for your sexual partner. How do you deal with discharge when going commando? Your culture and entertainment cheat-sheet. After all, its pretty gross for your genitals to make contact with something that youre just going to put back on the shelf! If you need to flag this entry as abusive. Did you know that a whopping 25 percent of Americans leave the house without wearing underwear? Youll be protecting yourself as well, as you cant be certain that the person trying the clothes on before you wasnt going commando. Nasty, right? Once a month throw out any underwear that is unpresentable. Quote; Report Content; Go to Page Top; ChrisC05. Just watch the look on their face when they realize there is nothing under your pants. If this doesnt convince you to forget about going commando, we're not sure what will! But, as youre probably aware, going without underwear is now something that many non-military men do. Here at Turq, we are all about living by the motto of taking on the world confidently without the chafe! in regards to the things you need to know about going commando including the good, the bad and the ugly. Correlating with minimalist qualities, cutting underwear out of the picture means one less thing to worry about, especially for women because it totally depends on what pants are being worn that particular day. PajamasEither ditch the underwear under your pajama pants, or ditch pj's altogether. In other words, day four meant a skirt was very, very necessary. 1. 4. Going commando is something that may sound more silly than it does practical, but it turns out going sans underwear can actually do your body some good. The bottom line: Whatever your policy on protection, you should be open with your partner about it and stick to your gunsno exceptions. It definitely can be, and there are some surprising pros to letting it all hang loose. I almost caved and woreunderwear for my workout, but decided to stick it out. But is all of that liberation down there actually a good idea? As you can see, there are several reasons why some guys choose to go commando. Messi v. Mbapp: Is Comparison Killing the Great Soccer Players? You wouldn't think there'd be a lot to learn about underwear wear it, change it, wash it, repeat but there's actually more than most men think. Related: .css-16acfp5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-decoration-color:#d2232e;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-16acfp5:hover{color:#000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;background-color:yellow;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}6 Ways to Prevent Chafing. These stains are more visible on lighter fabrics and colors, like khakis, he says. Prior to the 18th century, going commando was the default for both Native and European Its fair to say that the biggest reason guys choose to go commando is because it offers a feeling of freedom. His line: "What, you don't trust me? Discover how to make a plan that works for you, and stay motivated on your journey to a healthier, happier you. You can think of the role of mens underwear as similar to a womans bra. Not wearing underwear sure does have many benefits that remained unspoken off. What's the Difference Between An STD and An STI? If you found this article helpful, youll definitely want to read When to wear an undershirt? next. Surveys have established that between 5% and 7% of men dont wear underwear (its called go commando or freeballing). Link buying new underwear to something you already do on a schedule, so you get into the habit., Dont get locked into just one type of underwear. Jock itch can be pretty uncomfortable and awkward to deal with. .css-16fbwkt{display:block;font-family:GraphikBold,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-16fbwkt:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-16fbwkt{font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-16fbwkt{font-size:1.28598rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-16fbwkt{font-size:1.39461rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-16fbwkt{font-size:1.23488rem;line-height:1.3;}}What to Know If Your Penis Is Curving, This Is What Healthy Sperm Should Look Like, FOLX Is Making Trans Healthcare So Much Easier, 10 Ways to Play With Your Partner's Breasts, How to Treat Dry, Itchy Skin on Your Junk, Few Adults Aware That HPV Can Cause Cancer. If you have, you're not alone. Laundry DayAt The Underwear Expert, we believe that with so much underwear out there, you should always be wearing something awesome down below. If youre a typical woman, you probably get dressed every day and put on underwear. One of the best things you can do for your relationship is to keep things fresh in the bedroom, and while your underwear isnt a cure-all for bad bedroom skills, it sure cant hurt., Variety might be the spice of life (and underwear), but it also brings to mind the age-old mens health debate: boxers or briefs? Also, no underwear is a bit of a risk when it comes to boners (and sometimes precum leakage). Pulling Out Is a Bad Idea. Hes probably thinking that if he puts you on the spot, youll be more likely to just go with it, says Vranich. Yet only 18 percent of women actually follow this advice, according to a new Brazilian study. Again, you dont have to necessarily free-ball it to ward off the growth of awful infections down there. People Are Ditching Tampons For Period Panties, What Your Vaginal Odor Means About Your Health. By subscribing you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. But does going commando make you bigger? You're a SuperheroListen: Squeezing into spandex is one thing. Too Many People Are Using Neti Pots and Vaporizers Unsafely, Survey Suggests, A 5-Minute Stroll Every 30 Minutes Could Decrease the Risks of a Long Day at Your Desk. "This is the most common tactic men try, according to the survey;73.7 percent of guys think a self-reported clean bill of health is enough to convince you to ditch the rubber. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. We should note here that there is another reason why some men choose to go commando, and its all to do with size. Safe sex is something you need to be on the same page aboutno exceptions., More From Women's Health:Why (Some) Guys Hate CondomsAre Latex-Free Condoms Really Latex-Free?The Best Condoms for Your Pleasure, .css-26w0xw{display:block;font-family:NationalBold,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-26w0xw:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.18581rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-26w0xw{line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.28598rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.575rem;line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:-0.5rem;}}13 Reasons Why Your Pee Smells Funny, 12 Reasons Your Vagina Hurts So Damn Much. If you dont love it, Victorias Secret will take your money, guaranteed. Never wear boxers, cotton, or go commando when working out. Thankfully that didnt happen for me, but Ill definitely consider a pair of seamless briefs next time I wear looser shortsand Ill be sure theyre made of a Spandex blend. To fight off fungi, keep your boys dry with just a sprinkle of baby powder in the morning. Surveys show that between 5% and 7% of men dont wear underwear at all. Benefits of Going Commando. 90s Rap: The Importance of Public Enemy Number One, Eerie Similarities Between the Salem Witch Trials and the Red Scare, To Burn Or Not To Burn: The Balenciaga Campaign and How People Are Responding, Why You Should Give Animal Crossing Another Try, Board Games to Get You Through Winter Break, Victorias Secret Is Out and the Fantasy Is Finally Over, How T.I. Then wash the garment as you normally do in cool water with your regular detergent, Burrows says. Make sure that the fabric is long enough to cover all your precious bits before sitting or consider putting a napkin down before you take your seat. A further 7% wear shorts, tights or something else. Web"Going Commando" There are numerous terms (e.g. Having some at arms reach will help you stay strong if he suggests getting frisky without suiting upplus, being able to whip one out in a matter of seconds trumps his we dont have time to waste card. However, if youre wearing tight-fitting underwear, the testicles are at a higher risk of being pushed up against your body. ), which may be used to describe the act of not wearing underpants. In fact, every time you get a haircut, buy some new underwear. Just dont pull a Britney Spears crotch flash. Right, because having pants touch your bare hoo-ha is totally dangerous. Again, without the proper support, your boys will move around excessively, and can further exacerbate the rubbing and chafing situation. Surveys show that between 5% and 7% of men dont wear underwear at all. And they just might be onto something because going commando can definitely be beneficial. It can allow more air circulation, lower the risk for infections, and even help with sperm production and fertility. But more importantly, going commando just feels good! Perhaps they were reacting to decreasing underwear sales. I sometimes go commando in athletic shorts or sweatpants. His line: "It'll feel so much better without. Mens performance underwear engineered with smart, thoughtfully designed features such as silver infused microfibers to ward off bacteria and odor, and ventilated air flow with quick dry fabric will help keep you cool, dry and supremely comfy all day long. So the thong was definitely out. Going commando seems like it could be a supremely comfortable option. Fungal infections such as jock itch and tinea cruris can become a real problem and continuing to wear underwear will only make it worse. Lets just do it.Most men (73.2 percent, to be exact) think that if they can sweet-talk you, then you'll agree to some condom-free action. While it might get a little uncomfortable in the beginning, and thats what stops most people from trying it out. I remember my utter disappointment when I realized I had no more clean thongs to pair with my thin leggings. Our product picks are editor-tested, expert-approved. Why Do I Feel Burning During Or After Sex? Don't miss a beat. But why do guys go commando? The Best Underwear To Pack In Your Gym Kit, How To Set Fitness Goals That Are Actually Achievable, 4 Things To Know Before Buying Mens Underwear. And while I did get dressed up later in the evening, I realized something: Not only was it nice not having to figure out which underwear went best with my outfit, but I didnt have to worry about whether or not that perfect pair was in the laundry, either. I wore underwear about 50 percent of the time before this experiment started, so I didnt think it would be that much of a stretch to last a whole week without panties. Heres how one man was successfully treated for PD and how hes now helping others. So I touched base with Sophocles again. I sometimes go commando in athletic shorts or sweatpants. Some AthleticsAre you a runner? These will still press your genitals against your body and increase the risk of chafing and irritation. In a recent interview, Moore suggested that when women go commando, its a good move for sexual health. Its like, what do I do now? Generally, the bacterias Verdict: The commando-man is hard to read: he could either be a free spirit or just SwimwearUnless you're wearing board shorts, you should probably be going commando under your swim briefs. Actually, letting your boys hang Usually, your underwear would absorb this but, without wearing any, theres a chance your clothes could become stained. Personally, I've never left the house without wearing underwear. We wanted to uncover how common condom-resistance behaviors are among men and what kinds of coercive tactics are most frequently employed to persuade their partners, says study author Kelly Cue Davis, PhD, research associate professor at the University of Washington. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. And fungi love to hang in warm, humid environmentsjust like the inside of your pants when your balls are sweating all over them. Tight pants can also cause the same irritation and lack of ventilation as underwear. Conversely, you could also try different kinds of lingerie for them if you want some ideas, take a look at this article from. Sorry to all of the lace lovers, but Moore admits that lace is one of the worst materials to have rubbing against your parts because it causes irritation. So lets dive in and see why these men decided to go commando The History Of Scotland People have lived in Scotland for over 12,000 years, and in that time, there have been wars, battles, tribes, kings, and fashion trends. Here, Dr. Albert says, its really a matter of your own personal tastes more than anything else. The concept of going commando, whether you have tried it or not, tends to elicit strong reactions. Manage Settings PM if you want. Just dont pull a Britney Spears crotch flash. And not wearing underwear means more air can circulate down there, which I imagine feels pretty good. But there are other ways to reduce sweating and get more air down there than men going commando, like opting for hemp boxer briefs or hemp boxers. But most importantly, regularly wash your pants. If you have, you're not alone. Theres only one man who can get away with being commando at the gym, and his name is Steve Willis. I need that extra insulation lol, Sometimes at home with shorts, but really not very often. Surveys have shown that 5% 7% of guys admit to not wearing underwear at all. Say goodbye to the 5 for $25 sale at Victorias Secret, and say hello to a more cost-effective lifestyle. A mere 6% of people said they go commando so they can do less laundry. With that sentiment in mind, there are a number of simple rules you can follow when it comes to mens health and underwear. According to a survey conducted by Vanity Fair and 60 Minutes, a whopping 25 percent of Americans sometimes choose to skimp on their skivvies and do without their underwear. Did you know that a small percentage of men choose to not wear underwear at all? All rights reserved. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. But is going commando healthy for guys? Copyright 2023 Everyday Sprout Our content does not constitute a medical or legal consultation. Usually, this causes a small amount of embarrassment, but when youre going commando, there is a risk of flashing yourself and potentially upsetting a lot of people. By leaving their underwear at home, they are able to move freely and generally feel more comfortable throughout the day. I'm here to argue that you should be going commando, underwear-less, 100 percent freestyle. Mar 20, 2011 #1. Some men say that going sans-underwear gives them a feeling of freedom. While it may feel freeing to go without underwear, one of the major problems is that your balls lack protection and can excessively rub against the fabric of your clothing, leading to uncomfortable and sometimes, awfully painful chafing. You definitely need to wear underwear that provides the proper level of support and utilizes a moisture-wicking fabric, he says. Your testes are the only organs you own that actually hang outside of your body. If you start to worry about stains lingering in your clothing, heres one tip: rub a teaspoon of dish detergent mixed with two teaspoons of hydrogen peroxide into the stained area and let it sit for 30 minutes. Get ready to roll your eyes at the lame lines that guys whip out when they don't feel like using protection. And there are strong opinions on both sides. At least not as many pairs as you probably own. Am I missing out on something by not going commando? In fact, your man parts are structured the way they are with your testicles hanging lower than your torso, to help maintain a cooler environment and protect sperm health. Also, linen trousers or shorts are going to reveal a little too much of your commando profile. Do you prefer to go commando, or wrap it up? These influential guys are helping others open up about cancer, Crohn's disease, sobriety, and more. I do it at home all the time. Guys who dont wear underwear are often considered gross or lacking basic hygiene. Sleeping naked is usually just better. A weekly guide to everything you should add to cart, but havent yet. So this is obvious, but dont try on new pants while going commando. The next issue to consider is what material to choose. If youre anything like the old me, you totally justify buying cute panties because they are a necessity. I hate to break it to you, but theyre not completely required to live life. Or, if youre like me, just keep standing. His line: "Don't worry, I'm clean. At the end of the day, I have no regrets about going commando for my workout. That can be bit of an problem even with boxers on. Whether youre a granny panties gal or a g-string queen, the necessity of wearing anything at all should be questioned. His line: "Youre so sexyI cant wait. Taking off your underwear is liberating. I almost never go commando, but I know there are a couple guys at school that do . And whether guys choose boxers, briefs, or live to go commando, chances are, underwear rarely gets a second thought. Which brings us to our next rule: If you normally wear a pair of pants four times before washing them, dial that down to just two. Main purpose was to keep dry in a extremely damp environment and the garments removed could be used for other things (filtration, storage, etc.) Sometimes itll even undo itself over the course of the day. Going commando in a flowy dress, for instance, may not come with the same problems of doing so in jeans. It turns out that erasing what seems to be a minor factor in life can actually greatly simplify things. When fabric sits directly next to your skin, it makes your pants dirtierand smellierfaster. Friday equals date night, so I decided to don more sparklesnaturallyand a tight pair of Levis. Do You? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Yup, you need to let your testicles out to swing free in the wind! With only a few days left on the panty-less bandwagon, I decided to wear a longer A-line skirt with some flat kicks. By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. I find I sweat too much there. Over time, testicular hyperthermia can increase your chances of infertility by lowering your sperm count and quality. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. For starters, April Masini, a relationship advice expert and columnist, seconds the commandment that underwear dos include throwing out the old. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. I have few times especially when younger but problem is that bulge is way way too obvious. The good news is there are so many athletic underwear choices at all price points. But is it ok for a guy to go commando? There's an interesting story in The Motley Fool today about trends that could change the American underwear market foreverbut one stat from the story totally stuck out to me: "In a recent, fashion-based poll conducted by Vanity Fair and 60 Minutes, 25 percent of the Americans surveyed confirmed that they leave the house without undies, at least, occasionally.". You wont get proper air circulation around your scrotum either. And not wearing underwear means more air can circulate down there, which I imagine feels pretty good. Do you go out without undies on the regular? Jock itcha skin condition that presents as an itchy, red, ring-shaped rashoccurs when youre exposed to fungus, says Dr. Gohara. Sure, we get it. Another reason why some men choose to go without underwear is that it can prevent uncomfortable and even painful infections on their man parts. Did you know that a whopping 25 percent of Americans leave the house without wearing underwear? Our strategically designed mens underwear was created to help you comfortably take on any situation from on the field to the boardroom knowing that your boys are properly supported, and the health of your man parts is supremely protected. But more importantly, going commando just feels good! DONT stress too much about discharge. And while it was nice to not have to dig out my one pair of nude-colored underwear, I quickly realized that two days of zipper-and-seam action wasnt the most comfortableespecially after getting aBrazilian waxjust a few days ago. This can cause painful skin irritation. Are You a Candidate for Nonsurgical Treatment for Peyronies Disease? Quote; Report Content; Go to Page Top; ChrisC05. Your penis will discharge certain fluids throughout the day including urine and pre-seminal fluid. As a result, the temperature around your scrotum increases and this can cause testicular hyperthermia. (Its a different story in Scotland, where 38% of men go commando under their kilts ). It depends on what the situation is and what Im wearing. I will post the details of my visit. However, dancing the night away first is going to have a sweaty outcome, which is not ideal. Rather than foregoing underwear, the moral of the story is to make sure your underwear is properly fitting and supporting you, and then you can rest assured that your sperm health will be protected. This post was published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform. And they just might be onto something because going commando can definitely be beneficial. .css-26w0xw{display:block;font-family:NationalBold,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-26w0xw:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.18581rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-26w0xw{line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.28598rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.575rem;line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:-0.5rem;}}What Is A Vaginal Boil, Exactly? Interestingly enough, 40 percent of men admit to taking a more blunt approach, flat-out asking for permission to go commando. Everyday Health is among the federally registered trademarks of Everyday Health, Inc. and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. Have you ever gone commando? Just because youre freeballing, dont assume the possibility of jock itch is out the window. about my panty prohibition and totally whispered, Im not wearing any underwear right now in his ear while reaching for the bottle of wine on the table. What? If you have fun with your underwear, she will, too and everybody wins! Try to go commando risk-free for 30 days! Ask a Castle Connolly Top Doctor: How Often Are Vasectomy Reversals Successful and Why? While you may feel more comfortable without your underwear on, and there are some benefits of swinging-free, theres no evidence to suggest that it can increase the size of your manhood. Skinny-cut pants, especially those made from heavier fabrics like denim, may cut into your crotch when you sit down, says Singleton. Surveys have shown that 5% 7% of guys admit to not wearing underwear at all. Oh yeah, not wear the underwear. "The emotional play is a jerk movebut according to the survey, more than 34 percent of men have tried it. Mens health may be more vulnerable after divorce, according to a study. Tip #1: In the event that you are in an establishment that has pink polka dotted walls and garments made of lace hanging everywhere, you will eventually gaze upon piles of seductive underwear. If you would like to use all features of this site, it is mandatory to enable JavaScript. Underwear or not, men are more prone to the condition simply because of the groins anatomy. very rarely..sometimes at home in basketball shorts, Among my friends and boys in the locker room it's not uncommon but definitely the minority. For more underwear news, including a list of the Top 5 Underwear Warriors and The Underwear Expert's Picks for [Sexy] Pope, visit The Underwear Expert. Just watch the look on their face when they realize there is nothing under your pants. Uncertain? An ill-supporting environment that lacks sufficient protection for your boys. Nepotism Babies Continue To Spark Controversy. Likes Received 865 Points 19,815 Posts 3,787. With the right. I have done it but very rarely. I worked from home this day, so I unabashedly hung around the house in a super-casual pullover and a pair of comfy jeans sans panties and bra (a real win, if you ask me). Can going commando do any good for your health? Though these ladies were accused of being spotlight-seekers, I've often wondered if they were really just ahead of their timein terms of their.css-7qz8rz{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:#f7623b;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:background 0.4s;transition:background 0.4s;background:linear-gradient(#ffffff, #ffffff 50%, #feebe7 50%, #feebe7);-webkit-background-size:100% 200%;background-size:100% 200%;}.css-7qz8rz:hover{color:#000000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;-webkit-background-position:100% 100%;background-position:100% 100%;}vaginal health. What do you think? (Or tries to, at least!) "Summer Penis" Isn't Real, But Swamp Penis Is, 11 Ways to Deal With Erectile Dysfunction. They will say to you, Buy me! Just know that it is a figment of your imagination. We will be exploring this topic more deeply and baring all (we couldn't resist!) Am I missing out on something by not going commando? Yes, going commando can keep you cooler down there, but the important thing to keep in mind is that ill-fitting, too tight underwear can hurt the health of your man parts not so much that not wearing underwear at all will positively impact your sperm health and counts. What is the percentage of men that go commando? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. When you wear underwear, your penis and scrotum are pressed up against your body in close contact. As a results, many men lack underwear etiquette, says Gregory D. Albert, MD, a physician in Delray Beach, Fla. Underwear most importantly needs to be changed frequently and always remain clean, and I need to tell you, be discarded when they are thread-bare or stained, he stresses. Yes, the whole point of going commando is to feel sweet freedom. You're Jon HammIf there's anything Hamm is more famous for than Mad Men, it's going commando. In turn, the risk of developing a nasty infection is dramatically reduced. To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories. Its totally understandable that it may feel weird at first, but trust me; it is one of the most liberating feelings comparable to not wearing a bra.