An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). It can be annoying. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Report to ICAO-June 2012. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. The authors declare no competing interests. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. Springer, New York, MATH The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Test. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The Restless Earth Case Studies. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. . They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Created by. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. I was born here. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Ascending the volcano. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated.