[1]:93 Military records examined by the NTSB showed no military surface vessels within 15 nautical miles (28km; 17mi) of TWA800 at the time of the accident. [60][61] The reconstructed aircraft was used to train accident investigators until it was decommissioned in 2021. [1]:309312 Among the recommendations was that significant consideration should be given to the development of modifications such as nitrogen-inerting systems for new airplane designs, and where feasible, for existing airplanes. A 3-D scan of the reconstruction will be made for historical record. [51]:56 This conclusion was reached after calculating how long the sound of the initial explosion took to reach the witnesses, and using that to correlate the witness observations with the accident sequence. ''I would not want to read the autopsy of my loved one,'' Dr. Wetli said in an interview. So far, most of the recovered bodies that pathologists are examining have been "relatively intact," said Wetli, but he emphasized that "relative" is itself a relative term. HAUPPAUGE, New York (CNN) -- The Suffolk County medical examiner has released the first autopsy report on the victims from TWA Flight 800. [44]:6 After the FBI raised concerns about nongovernmental parties in the NTSB's investigation having access to this information and possible prosecutorial difficulties resulting from multiple interviews of the same witness,[44]:6 the NTSB deferred and did not interview witnesses to the crash. [1]:94, Radar data showing vehicle and/or object tracks within 10 nautical miles (19km; 12mi) of TWA flight 800 just before the accident[1]:fig. The memorial includes landscaped grounds, flags from the 13 countries of the victims, and a curved Cambrian Black granite memorial with the names engraved on one side and an illustration on the other of a wave releasing 230 seagulls. From that investigation we issued safety recommendations that fundamentally changed the way aircraft are designed.. The FBI interviewed at least 755 witnesses. On June 19, 2013, the NTSB acknowledged in a press release that they received a petition for reconsideration of its investigation into the July 17, 1996, crash of TWA Flight 800. In this case, the victim was a Long Island dentist who had assisted forensic dentists in the medical examiner's office. Flight 800 lawsuit puts focus on fuel pump - Dec . [44]:7 From November 1996 through April 1997, this group reviewed summaries of witness accounts on loan from the FBI (with personal information redacted), and conducted interviews with crewmembers from a New York Air National Guard HH-60 helicopter and C-130 airplane, as well as a U.S. Navy P-3 airplane that was flying in the vicinity of TWA 800 at the time of the accident. The flight departed at 8:19 p.m. in muggy, but "fairly clear" weather, according to The New York Times, blowing apart in a fiery explosion 12 minutes later. As of 2005[update], NTSB and FBI personnel conduct joint exercises. [1]:118 These samples were submitted to the FBI's laboratory in Washington, DC, which determined that one sample contained traces of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), another nitroglycerin, and the third a combination of RDX and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN);[1]:118 these findings received much media attention at the time. [33] Many waited until the remains of their family members had been recovered, identified, and released. [63] The NTSB had first recommended such a rule just five months after the incident and 33 years after a similar recommendation issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board Bureau of Safety on December 17, 1963, nine days after the crash of Pan Am Flight 214. 22c, p. 68, Recovery locations of the wreckage from the ocean (the red, yellow, and green zones) clearly indicated: (1) the red area pieces (from the forward portion of the wing center section and a ring of fuselage directly in front) were the earliest pieces to separate from the airplane; (2) the forward fuselage section departed simultaneously with or shortly after the red area pieces, landing relatively intact in the yellow zone; (3) the green area pieces (wings and the aft portion of the fuselage) remained intact for a period after the separation of the forward fuselage, and impacted the water in the green zone. He said it was likely that death for the passengers was instantaneous. [1]:243247 Advocates of a missile-attack scenario asserted that some of these witnesses observed a missile;[1]:264 analysis demonstrated that the observations were not consistent with a missile attack on TWA800, but instead were consistent with these witnesses having observed part of the in-flight fire and breakup sequence after the CWT explosion. [72] As the NTSB had agreements with the victims' families that the wreckage cannot be used in any kind of public memorial or be scuttled in the ocean, it plans to scan each piece of debris with a three-dimensional laser scanner, with the data being permanently archived, after which the wreckage will be destroyed and the metal recycled. They reported their sighting to the tower at Suffolk County Airport. [14] During refueling of the aircraft, the volumetric shutoff (VSO) control was believed to have been triggered before the tanks were full. The . [44]:10 Because of time that had elapsed (about 21 months) before the NTSB received information about the identity of the witnesses, the witness group chose not to reinterview the witnesses, but instead to rely on the original summaries of witness statements written by FBI agents as the best available evidence of the observations initially reported by the witnesses. Dr. Charles V. Wetli, the Suffolk County Medical Examiner, reluctantly began releasing the autopsy reports after being pressured by family members who sought the details of how their loved ones had died. [51]:5 In all cases, the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, as the plane had already exploded before their observations began. [15]:4[16][17] The last recorded radar transponder return from the airplane was recorded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar site at Trevose, Pennsylvania, at 8:31:12pm. [1]:258, The NTSB considered the possibility that the explosive residue was due to contamination from the aircraft's use in 1991 transporting troops during the Gulf War or its use in a dog-training explosive detection exercise about one month before the accident. After the 1996 crash of TWA flight 800 off Long Island,. [1]:100 The Sequencing Group concluded that the first event in the breakup sequence was a fracture in the wing center section of the aircraft, caused by an "overpressure event" in the center wing fuel tank (CWT). Head, thoracic, and abdominal injuries were multiple and severe, contributing to the mortality of the occupants. [36][37][38], Grief turned to anger at TWA's delay in confirming the passenger list,[33] conflicting information from agencies and officials,[39]:1 and mistrust of the recovery operation's priorities. It takes a great deal of time and high-tech detective work to piece together the often seemingly disparate events in flight which, together lead up to a major accident., Oakley says the length of the Flight 800 investigation was due to a couple factors. [1]:264, The NTSB concluded, "the witness observations of a streak of light were not related to a missile and that the streak of light reported by most of these witnesses was burning fuel from the accident airplane in crippled flight during some portion of the postexplosion, preimpact breakup sequence". These records range from 1996 to 1998 and concern FBI forensic analysis associated with the Bureaus crash investigation. In the case of the 747-100 series, the only wiring located inside the CWT is that associated with the FQIS. Victims and wreckage were recovered by scuba divers and ROVs; later scallop trawlers were used to recover wreckage embedded in the sea floor. A List of the Passengers and Crew Aboard Ill-Fated TWA Flight 800 L.A. Times Archives July 20, 1996 12 AM PT Here is a complete list of the 230 people, including four cockpit crew members and. Analysis revealed that the severity of injury and anatomic injury pattern did not generally correlate with seating position or structural damage. [1]:xvi Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. Six months into the investigation, the NTSB's chairman, Jim Hall, was quoted as saying, "All three theoriesa bomb, a missile, or mechanical failureremain. In addition to the probable cause, the NTSB found the following contributing factors to the accident:[1]:308, During the course of its investigation, and in its final report, the NTSB issued 15 safety recommendations, mostly covering fuel tank and wiring-related issues. [70], For almost 25 years, the wreckage of Flight 800 was kept by the NTSB and used as an accident-investigation teaching aid. He said the bodies will be identified through medical records and interview materials. The flight crew started the engines at 8:04 pm. [1]:63 In one of the largest diver-assisted salvage operations ever conducted, often working in very difficult and dangerous conditions, over 95% of the airplane wreckage was eventually recovered. Dr. Wetli said he had delayed releasing the documents because the crash was potentially a criminal case and he did not want to do anything to jeopardize the investigation. [32]:3 Ultimately, remains of all 230 victims were recovered and identified, the last over 10 months after the crash. "[1]:265 In addition, 18 witnesses reported seeing a streak of light that originated at the surface, or the horizon, which did not "appear to be consistent with the airplane's calculated flightpath and other known aspects of the accident sequence. However, because of the previous maintenance undertaken on engine #3, the flight crew only started engines #1, #2, and #4. The suspension prolonged an already arduous search. With todays very sophisticated weather radar and stringent rules for avoiding potentially dangerous weather this virtually never occurs, Oakley says. Flight 800 has begun releasing details to family members who request them. "There are 200 human beings who are now nonexistent, and those are people someone loved, and it could have been someone we loved. Among the most valuable aids, said Wetli, is a picture of the victim smiling; the teeth in the picture could be matched against those of bodies. [1]:273274 Since none of the recovered CWT wreckage exhibited these damage characteristics, and none of the areas of missing wreckage was large enough to encompass all the expected damage, the investigation concluded that this scenario was "very unlikely". First autopsy report released from TWA 800 crash - January 3, 1997. [1]:256 This, together with the distribution of wreckage and witness reports, all indicated a sudden catastrophic in-flight breakup of TWA 800. After missile visibility tests were conducted in April 2000, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, Florida,[1]:254 the NTSB determined that if witnesses had observed a missile attack, they would have seen: Because of their unique vantage points or the level of precision and detail provided in their accounts, five witness accounts generated special interest:[1]:242243 the pilot of Eastwind Airlines Flight 507, the crew members in the HH-60 helicopter, a streak-of-light witness aboard US Airways Flight 217, a land witness on the Beach Lane Bridge in Westhampton Beach, New York, and a witness on a boat near Great Gun Beach. [30][31]:1 The search and recovery effort identified three main areas of wreckage underwater;[1]:65 the yellow zone, red zone, and green zone contained wreckage from front, center, and rear sections of the airplane, respectively. All 230 passengers and crew were killed. [51]:2 CIA analysts, relying on sound-propagation analysis, concluded that the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, but were seeing a trail of burning fuel coming from the aircraft after the initial explosion. The website of The New York Times had its traffic increase to 1.5 million views per day, 50% higher than its previous rate. [1]:4 The last radio transmission from the airplane occurred at 8:30pm, when the flight crew received and then acknowledged instructions from Boston Center to climb to 15,000 feet (4,600m). During this time, quenching was identified as an issue, where the explosion would extinguish itself as it passed through the complex structure of the CWT. . Accordingly, the NTSB decommissioned the wreckage in July 2021. It is figure 29 of the report, which is described as: A photograph of the large three-dimensional reconstruction, with the support scaffolding visible. I saw none, and the real experts, who were much better at it than I, saw nothing either. "[1]:294[53], Though the FQIS itself was designed to prevent danger by minimizing voltages and currents, the innermost tube of Flight 800's FQIS compensator showed damage similar to that of the compensator tube identified as the ignition source for the surge tank fire that destroyed a 747 near Madrid in 1976. Flight 800 was actually a training flight for Kevorkian, and he was seated in the captain's (left) seat. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. They ask whether they smoked, since teeth would reflect tobacco stains, and whether they had moles and where. [1]:229, Examination of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder data showed a normal takeoff and climb,[15]:4 with the aircraft in normal flight[46]:2 before both abruptly stopped at 8:31:12pm. [1]:3 Intense public interest arose in these witness reports, as did much speculation that the reported streak of light was a missile that had struck TWA 800, causing the airplane to explode. [1]:6[10][11] On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) about 4:38 pm. [1]:1 After the owner of the baggage in question was confirmed to be on board, the flight crew prepared for departure, and the aircraft pushed back from Gate 27 at the TWA Flight Center. [44]:5, Around 80 FBI agents conducted interviews with potential witnesses daily. [1]:289 This might well be the signature of an arc on cockpit wiring adjacent to the FQIS wiring. TWA's senior management had spent Wednesday celebrating in London. ATC recording (courtesy Allec Joshua Ibay), International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, surge tank fire that destroyed a 747 near Madrid in 1976, AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services, "In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996", "Investigators Focus Closely on Terrorism As Cause of Explosion: Chemicals Found on Jet Victims, U.S. Reports", "Terror on Flight 800: Who wishes us ill? [41]:1 The FBI, from the start assuming that a criminal act had occurred,[41]:3 saw the NTSB as indecisive. [9], The accident airplane, registration N93119 (a Boeing 747-131), was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern cancelled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by Trans World Airlines. The elimination of the possibility of any reoccurrence of the same kind of incident is virtually always the fruit of an extensive accident investigation, and this one was certainly about as extensive as humanly possible.. [1]:261 A major reason for the flammability of the fuel-air vapor in the CWT of the 747 was the large amount of heat generated and transferred to the CWT by air conditioning packs located directly below the tank;[1]:298 with the CWT temperature raised to a sufficient level, a single ignition source could cause an explosion. Captain Kevorkian had over 18,800 flight hours, including 5,490 hours on the Boeing 747. N93119, the aircraft involved in the accident, in May 1995. First, the time it took to isolate the circumstances that caused a very rare eventthe center fuel tank explosion, which, he adds, had never occurred with a 747. [1]:257 The NTSB concluded that "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a pre-existing condition resulting in a structural failure and decompression. Crash", "Behind a Calm Facade, Chaos, Distrust, Valor", International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers: Analysis and Recommendations Regarding T.W.A. Many recommendations came out of the completed investigation, including everything from changes in daily operational procedures to modifications of the center fuel tanks on other 747s, Oakley says. The close-up view of N93119's front fuselage, showing the seven plugged windows on the upper deck. The FBI conducted an investigation into the crash to determine if terrorist action was involved in the tragedy; no such action was found in our investigation. Plus, investigators applied extra diligence to accommodate a huge amount of pressure applied from many quarters to make absolutely sure this was not the result of a terrorist operation, or an errant missile fired by our, or some other nations, military.. TWA 800 was scheduled to depart JFK for Charles de Gaulle Airport around 7:00pm, but the flight was delayed until 8:02pm by a disabled piece of ground equipment and a passenger/baggage mismatch. The aircraft was refueled, and a crew change was made; the new flight crew consisted of 58-year-old Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian (who had flown for TWA for 31 years and the U.S. Air Force for 9 years), 57-year-old Captain/Check Airman Steven E. Snyder (who had flown for TWA for 32 years), and 63-year-old Flight Engineer/Check Airman Richard G. Campbell Jr. (who had flown for TWA for 30 years and the U.S. Air Force for 12 years), as well as 25-year-old flight engineer trainee Oliver Krick (who previously served as a business pilot for 4 years), who had flown for TWA for 26 days and was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training. Speculation fueled theories that a terrorist act had caused the crash that killed the 230 on board, but an investigation later concluded it was a tragic mechanical error. [29] In the case of TWA 800, the FBI initiated a parallel criminal investigation alongside the NTSB's accident investigation. He had 17,000 flight hours, with more than 4,700 of them on the Boeing 747. "There's a process called onioning,' where you can keep covering up the levels of trauma one on top of the other," said Louis Gallagher, coordinator of Suffolk County's community mental health response team who has been working 20-hour days counseling victims' families. In 1996, few U.S. government websites were updated daily, but the United States Navy's crash website was constantly updated and had detailed information about the salvage of the crash site. The captain's CVR channel showed two "dropouts" of background power harmonics in the second before the recording ended (with the separation of the nose). In the early days and weeks after the accident, the FBI was in charge because there was concern about it being a crime. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. [18] Many witnesses in the vicinity of the crash stated that they saw or heard explosions, accompanied by a large fireball or fireballs over the ocean, and observed debris, some of which was burning while falling into the water. But Wetli added: "We see Quincy' on TV, and he identifies people very quickly. Flight 800 Autopsy Reports Are Given to Victims' Families, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/04/nyregion/flight-800-autopsy-reports-are-given-to-victims-families.html. [71] The NTSB did not wish to renew the lease on the hangar it was using to store the reassembled accident debris, and decided it should be disposed of. The source of ignition energy for the explosion could not be determined with certainty, but, of the sources evaluated by the investigation, the most likely was a short circuit outside of the CWT that allowed excessive voltage to enter it through electrical wiring associated with the fuel quantity indication system. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [An] explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. Any parts of the plane that cannot be recycled will be disposed of in landfills. Engine #3 was started 10 minutes later at 8:14 pm. [1]:279, Although the NTSB had already reached the conclusion that a missile strike did not cause the structural failure of the airplane, the possibility that a missile could have exploded close enough to TWA800 for a missile fragment to have entered the CWT and ignited the fuel/air vapor, yet far enough away not to have left any damage characteristic of a missile strike, was considered. [56] In 2014, the NTSB declined the petition to reopen the investigation. New York's Pataki asks feds to help pay for TWA recovery - December 27, 1996. To honor this agreement made with the families of the victims of TWA Flight 800, the NTSB will work closely with a federal government contractor to dismantle the reconstruction and destroy the wreckage. Each agency can call upon the other's laboratories and other assets. The NTSB found that the probable cause of the crash of TWA Flight 800 was an explosion of flammable fuel/air vapors in a fuel tank, most likely from a short circuit. [1]:93 All the reviewed radar data showed no radar returns consistent with a missile or other projectile traveling toward TWA 800. Of the accidents that have occurred, spontaneous explosions in mid-air have always been responsible for a very small percentage of the total.. Flight 800 lawsuit puts focus on fuel pump - Dec . Hundreds of witnesses saw the plane explode from . In July 2006, an abstract black granite statue of a 10-foot-high (3.0m) lighthouse was added above a tomb holding many of the victims' personal belongings. Despite the safety boards official findings, over the last two decades, conspiracy theorists, bolstered by eyewitness accounts reporting a missile strike, continue to charge that a terrorist attack, bombing or even friendly fire took down Flight 800. When the rare fatal air accident occurs it usually involves a causality chain, including a number of seemingly unconnected small anomalies that, together, create a sort of perfect storm which causes a crash, he says. 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